UPESSC TGT English — The Complete Language Guide
22
Part V — Vocabulary

Chapter 22

One Word Substitution

📘 50 MCQs⏱ ~24 min read🎯 Exam-focused

Theory

A one-word substitute must be exact, grammatically a single word and must fit the sense of the original phrase. Below are the substitutions organised thematically. Memorise them in groups, because the examiner often clusters distractors from the same group.

3.1 People and Professions

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
One who studies the stars and heavenly bodiesAstronomer
One who studies the influence of stars on human affairsAstrologer
One who draws or studies mapsCartographer
One who treats diseases of the teethDentist
One who studies birdsOrnithologist
One who studies insectsEntomologist
One who studies plantsBotanist
One who studies the structure of human societySociologist
One who walks/performs on a tightropeFunambulist
One who eats everything (all kinds of food)Omnivore
One who eats only flesh / meatCarnivore
One who eats only plants / vegetablesHerbivore
One who eats human fleshCannibal
A lover of booksBibliophile
A great lover and collector of booksBibliomaniac
One who knows / speaks many languagesPolyglot
One who does not believe in the existence of GodAtheist
One who believes in the existence of GodTheist
One who believes that nothing can be known about GodAgnostic
One who believes that fate governs everythingFatalist
One who looks at the bright side of thingsOptimist
One who looks at the dark side of thingsPessimist
One who is indifferent to pleasure and painStoic
One who is new to a profession / a beginnerNovice
One who is recovering from illnessConvalescent
One who loves mankindPhilanthropist
One who hates mankindMisanthrope
One who hates womenMisogynist
One who hates marriageMisogamist
One who can use both hands equally wellAmbidextrous
One who travels from place to place / a wandererNomad
One who lives alone, away from societyRecluse / Hermit
One who leaves his own country to settle in anotherEmigrant
One who comes into a foreign country to settleImmigrant
A person appointed to settle a disputeArbitrator
One who collects coinsNumismatist
One who collects stampsPhilatelist
One who is unable to read or writeIlliterate
One who pretends to be what he is notHypocrite

3.2 Manias (Abnormal Cravings) and Phobias (Abnormal Fears)

Key distinction: -mania = an abnormal desire / craving / obsession; -phobia = an abnormal fear / dread. The examiner frequently swaps these two endings.

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
Abnormal fear of enclosed / confined spacesClaustrophobia
Abnormal fear of heightsAcrophobia
Abnormal fear of waterHydrophobia
Abnormal fear / hatred of foreigners or strangersXenophobia
Abnormal fear of firePyrophobia
Abnormal fear of crowds / open public placesAgoraphobia
Abnormal fear of being aloneMonophobia
Abnormal fear of darkness / nightNyctophobia
An irresistible urge to stealKleptomania
An irresistible urge to set things on firePyromania
An obsessive craving for alcoholDipsomania
An exaggerated sense of one's own greatnessMegalomania
An obsessive desire to writeGraphomania

3.3 Government and Rule (suffixes -cracy and -archy)

Roots: -cracy = power / rule (Greek kratos); -archy = rule / ruler (Greek archein). The prefix tells you by whom the rule is exercised.

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
Government by one absolute ruler (unlimited power)Autocracy
Government by the people, for the peopleDemocracy
Government by a small privileged group of peopleOligarchy
Government by religious leaders / in the name of GodTheocracy
Government by a single king or queenMonarchy
Absence of government / a state of lawlessnessAnarchy
Government by the wealthy / rich classPlutocracy
Government run by officials / departmentsBureaucracy
Government by the nobles / privileged best classAristocracy
Government by a mobMobocracy / Ochlocracy
Government by the most talented / able personsMeritocracy
Rule by womenMatriarchy
Rule by men / the father as headPatriarchy

3.4 Killing and Murder (suffix -cide)

Root: -cide (Latin caedere, "to kill / cut"). The first part names the victim.

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
The killing of a human being / murderHomicide
The act of killing oneselfSuicide
The killing of a kingRegicide
The killing of one's brotherFratricide
The killing of one's fatherPatricide
The killing of one's motherMatricide
The killing of an infant / a new-born childInfanticide
The deliberate killing of a whole race or communityGenocide
A substance used for killing insectsInsecticide
A substance used for killing weeds / unwanted plantsHerbicide / Weedicide
A substance used for killing germsGermicide
The killing of one's wifeUxoricide
The killing of one's childFilicide
The killing of a large number of people / a mass slaughterMassacre

3.5 Places and Things

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
A place where bees are keptApiary
A place where horses are keptStable
A place where birds are keptAviary
A place where pigs are keptSty
A place where fish are keptAquarium
A place where dead bodies are keptMortuary
A place where money is coinedMint
A place where weapons are storedArmoury / Arsenal
A place for the treatment / care of orphansOrphanage
A place where wine is made or storedWinery / Cellar
The words inscribed on a tombEpitaph
The life story of a person written by anotherBiography
The life story of a person written by himselfAutobiography
A speech made by a person to himself (on stage)Soliloquy
A short speech addressed by an actor to the audienceAside
A period of one hundred yearsCentury
A period of ten yearsDecade
A period of a thousand yearsMillennium
A medicine that counteracts the effect of a poisonAntidote
A substance that destroys or stops the growth of microbesAntiseptic
That which cannot be readIllegible
That which cannot be heardInaudible
That which cannot be corrected / reformedIncorrigible
That which cannot be avoidedInevitable
That which is bound to happen / about to happenImminent
That which cannot be conquered / defeatedInvincible
That which cannot be believedIncredible
That which cannot be explained in wordsInexplicable / Ineffable
That which cannot be seenInvisible
That which cannot be touched / feltIntangible
That which lasts only for a short timeTransient / Ephemeral
That which can be carried easilyPortable
That which cannot be dividedIndivisible
A word, phrase or sentence that reads the same backwardsPalindrome
A list of books and articles on a subjectBibliography
A collection of poemsAnthology
An animal that lives both on land and in waterAmphibian
An animal that is active at nightNocturnal
A government grant of money to support an institutionSubsidy
A remedy for all diseases / illsPanacea

3.6 Conduct, Time and Belief (Additional)

Phrase / Group of WordsOne Word
A person who eats too muchGlutton
A person who saves money meanly / spends very littleMiser
A person who spends money recklessly / wastefullySpendthrift
One who does something not for payment but for pleasureAmateur
One who is paid for his work / does it as a professionProfessional
One who criticises / passes judgement on art and literatureCritic
A person who is hard to pleaseFastidious
One who can speak fluently and effectivelyEloquent / Orator
A government by officials responsible to no one but themselvesBureaucracy
One who is present everywhere at the same timeOmnipresent
One who is all-powerfulOmnipotent
One who knows everythingOmniscient
A speech delivered without previous preparationExtempore / Impromptu
Something that happens / is done every yearAnnual
Something that happens once in two yearsBiennial
Something that happens twice a yearBiannual
Words / customs no longer in useObsolete
A decision on which all agreeUnanimous
That which is fit to be eatenEdible
That which is fit to be drunkPotable
A line that touches a circle at one pointTangent
A picture/scene that arouses pityPathetic
One who deserts his religion / principlesApostate / Renegade
The violation or profanation of something sacredSacrilege

3.7 Word-Roots that Generate One-Word Substitutes

The single most powerful examination skill is to decode a word from its root. Learn the building blocks below and you can construct or recognise dozens of words you have never seen.

Root / SuffixMeaningExamples
-cideact of killinghomicide, suicide, regicide, genocide, insecticide
-cracyrule / power / governmentdemocracy, autocracy, plutocracy, bureaucracy
-archyrule / rulermonarchy, oligarchy, anarchy, matriarchy
-graphywriting / recording / descriptionbiography, autobiography, cartography, bibliography
-logy / -logiststudy of / one who studiesornithologist, sociologist, entomologist, geology
-phobiaabnormal fearclaustrophobia, acrophobia, hydrophobia, xenophobia
-maniaabnormal craving / obsessionkleptomania, pyromania, dipsomania, megalomania
-philia / -philelove of / fondness forbibliophile, anglophile, Francophile
-phobeone who fears / hatesxenophobe, technophobe
-vorouseating / feeding oncarnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, insectivorous
-istone who practises / believesatheist, theist, fatalist, philatelist, numismatist
omni-all / everywhereomnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivore
mis(o)-hatred ofmisanthrope, misogynist, misogamist
poly- / mono-many / onepolyglot, monarchy, monologue

3.8 Example Sentences

Study how the substituted word replaces a whole phrase neatly:

  1. The cartographer spent years preparing an accurate map of the river basin. (instead of "the person who draws maps")
  2. Police suspected a case of regicide after the elderly king was found poisoned. (the killing of a king)
  3. Her claustrophobia made it impossible for her to use the crowded lift. (abnormal fear of enclosed spaces)
  4. Because the prescription was illegible, the chemist refused to dispense the medicine. (that which cannot be read)
  5. The dictator's autocracy left no room for dissent or debate. (government by one absolute ruler)
  6. A true philanthropist, she donated her entire fortune to build schools. (one who loves and helps mankind)
  7. The actor's soliloquy revealed his hidden guilt to the audience. (a speech made to oneself)

Common Exam Errors

The following 25 errors are the traps most frequently set by examiners. Learn the correct distinction in each case.

#Wrong (confused substitution)CorrectExplanation
1Biography (for one's own life written by oneself)Autobiography"Auto-" = self; biography is written by another person.
2Epitaph (for a witty short poem)EpigramEpitaph = words on a tomb; epigram = a witty, pointed saying.
3Epigraph (for words on a tomb)EpitaphEpigraph = an inscription/quotation at the start of a book or building.
4Epithet (for words on a tomb)EpitaphEpithet = a descriptive word/phrase attached to a name.
5Callous (for young and inexperienced)CallowCallous = unfeeling/hard-hearted; callow = immature, inexperienced.
6Patricide (for killing a brother)FratricideFrater = brother; pater = father.
7Matricide (for killing an infant)InfanticideMatricide = killing one's mother; infanticide = killing a child.
8Pyrophobia (for the urge to set fires)Pyromania-phobia = fear; -mania = compulsive urge.
9Kleptophobia (for the urge to steal)KleptomaniaThe compulsion to steal is a mania, not a fear.
10Oligarchy (for rule by the wealthy)PlutocracyOligarchy = rule by a few; ploutos = wealth.
11Monarchy (for absence of government)AnarchyAn- = without; anarchy = no government/lawlessness.
12Astrologer (for one who studies stars scientifically)AstronomerAstronomy = science; astrology = supposed influence of stars.
13Aviary (for a place for bees)ApiaryApis = bee; aviary is for birds.
14Apiary (for a place for birds)AviaryAvis = bird; apiary is for bees.
15Carnivore (for one who eats everything)OmnivoreOmni- = all; carni- = flesh only.
16Immigrant (for one who leaves his country)EmigrantE- = out (leaves); im- = in (enters).
17Inevitable (for something about to happen)ImminentInevitable = unavoidable; imminent = close at hand.
18Inaudible (for that which cannot be read)IllegibleAudible = hearable; legible = readable.
19Incorrigible (for that which cannot be believed)IncredibleIncorrigible = beyond correction; incredible = beyond belief.
20Eligible (for that which cannot be read)IllegibleEligible = qualified to be chosen; do not confuse spelling.
21Ingenuous (for clever and inventive)IngeniousIngenious = clever; ingenuous = innocent/frank.
22Amicable (for a person who is friendly)AmiableAmiable describes a person; amicable describes a settlement/relation.
23Misogynist (for one who hates marriage)MisogamistGyne = woman; gamos = marriage.
24Bibliophile (for a place where books are kept)LibraryBibliophile is a lover of books, not a place.
25Agnostic (for one who denies God's existence)AtheistAtheist denies God; agnostic says God is unknowable.

Exam Tricks

Frequently Confused Pairs

PairWord 1 — MeaningWord 2 — Meaning
Amiable / AmicableAmiable = friendly, good-natured (of a person)Amicable = friendly, peaceful (of a settlement/relationship)
Biography / AutobiographyBiography = life story written by anotherAutobiography = life story written by oneself
Epitaph / Epigraph / EpigramEpitaph = words on a tomb; Epigraph = quotation at the start of a bookEpigram = a short, witty, pointed saying
Illegible / EligibleIllegible = that which cannot be readEligible = qualified to be chosen
Ingenious / IngenuousIngenious = clever, inventive, skilfulIngenuous = innocent, frank, naïve
Callous / CallowCallous = unfeeling, hard-heartedCallow = immature, inexperienced
Emigrant / ImmigrantEmigrant = one who leaves his own countryImmigrant = one who enters a new country to settle
Astronomer / AstrologerAstronomer = scientist studying heavenly bodiesAstrologer = one who studies the influence of stars on lives
Atheist / AgnosticAtheist = denies the existence of GodAgnostic = believes God is unknowable
Misogynist / MisogamistMisogynist = hater of womenMisogamist = hater of marriage
Imminent / EminentImminent = about to happenEminent = distinguished, famous

Exceptions — Important, Rare and Advanced

50 MCQs

Easy (1–15)

1. One who studies the stars and heavenly bodies.

(a) Astrologer (b) Astronomer (c) Geologist (d) Cartographer
Answer: (b) Astronomer
Explanation: Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial bodies.

2. A place where bees are kept.

(a) Aviary (b) Apiary (c) Sty (d) Stable
Answer: (b) Apiary
Explanation: Latin "apis" = bee.

3. The act of killing oneself.

(a) Homicide (b) Regicide (c) Suicide (d) Genocide
Answer: (c) Suicide
Explanation: "Sui-" = self + "-cide" = killing.

4. Government by the people.

(a) Autocracy (b) Monarchy (c) Democracy (d) Oligarchy
Answer: (c) Democracy
Explanation: "Demos" = people + "kratos" = rule.

5. One who loves and works for the welfare of mankind.

(a) Misanthrope (b) Philanthropist (c) Egoist (d) Pessimist
Answer: (b) Philanthropist
Explanation: "Philos" = love + "anthropos" = man.

6. That which cannot be read.

(a) Inaudible (b) Eligible (c) Illegible (d) Invisible
Answer: (c) Illegible
Explanation: "Legible" = readable; "il-" negates it.

7. The life story of a person written by himself.

(a) Biography (b) Autobiography (c) Bibliography (d) Anthology
Answer: (b) Autobiography
Explanation: "Auto-" = self.

8. A place where birds are kept.

(a) Apiary (b) Aviary (c) Aquarium (d) Mortuary
Answer: (b) Aviary
Explanation: Latin "avis" = bird.

9. One who does not believe in the existence of God.

(a) Theist (b) Agnostic (c) Atheist (d) Fatalist
Answer: (c) Atheist
Explanation: "A-" = without + "theos" = God.

10. The words inscribed on a tomb.

(a) Epigram (b) Epigraph (c) Epitaph (d) Epithet
Answer: (c) Epitaph
Explanation: An epitaph honours the dead on a gravestone.

11. One who knows and speaks many languages.

(a) Linguist (b) Polyglot (c) Bilingual (d) Orator
Answer: (b) Polyglot
Explanation: "Poly-" = many + "glotta" = tongue/language.

12. A period of one hundred years.

(a) Decade (b) Century (c) Millennium (d) Jubilee
Answer: (b) Century
Explanation: Latin "centum" = hundred.

13. An animal that eats only flesh.

(a) Herbivore (b) Omnivore (c) Carnivore (d) Cannibal
Answer: (c) Carnivore
Explanation: "Carni-" = flesh + "-vorous" = eating.

14. The killing of a king.

(a) Patricide (b) Regicide (c) Fratricide (d) Genocide
Answer: (b) Regicide
Explanation: Latin "rex/regis" = king.

15. A medicine that counteracts the effect of a poison.

(a) Antiseptic (b) Antidote (c) Antibiotic (d) Panacea
Answer: (b) Antidote
Explanation: An antidote neutralises a specific poison.

Moderate (16–35)

16. One who walks or performs on a tightrope.

(a) Acrobat (b) Funambulist (c) Somnambulist (d) Equilibrist
Answer: (b) Funambulist
Explanation: "Funis" = rope + "ambulare" = to walk.

17. The killing of one's brother.

(a) Patricide (b) Matricide (c) Fratricide (d) Infanticide
Answer: (c) Fratricide
Explanation: Latin "frater" = brother.

18. An irresistible urge to steal.

(a) Kleptophobia (b) Kleptomania (c) Pyromania (d) Dipsomania
Answer: (b) Kleptomania
Explanation: A compulsion (mania), not a fear.

19. Government by the wealthy class.

(a) Oligarchy (b) Aristocracy (c) Plutocracy (d) Bureaucracy
Answer: (c) Plutocracy
Explanation: Greek "ploutos" = wealth.

20. One who studies birds.

(a) Entomologist (b) Ornithologist (c) Botanist (d) Zoologist
Answer: (b) Ornithologist
Explanation: "Ornis" = bird.

21. A speech made by a character to himself on the stage.

(a) Monologue (b) Dialogue (c) Soliloquy (d) Aside
Answer: (c) Soliloquy
Explanation: "Solus" = alone + "loqui" = to speak.

22. An abnormal fear of enclosed spaces.

(a) Acrophobia (b) Agoraphobia (c) Claustrophobia (d) Xenophobia
Answer: (c) Claustrophobia
Explanation: "Claustrum" = enclosed space.

23. One who leaves his own country to settle in another.

(a) Immigrant (b) Emigrant (c) Nomad (d) Refugee
Answer: (b) Emigrant
Explanation: "E-" = out; he goes out of his country.

24. That which is bound to happen / about to happen.

(a) Inevitable (b) Eminent (c) Imminent (d) Permanent
Answer: (c) Imminent
Explanation: Imminent = close at hand and likely to occur soon.

25. The deliberate extermination of a whole race or community.

(a) Homicide (b) Massacre (c) Genocide (d) Infanticide
Answer: (c) Genocide
Explanation: "Genos" = race/tribe.

26. One who draws or makes maps.

(a) Geographer (b) Cartographer (c) Topographer (d) Surveyor
Answer: (b) Cartographer
Explanation: "Carta" = map/chart + "-graphy" = drawing.

27. Absence of government leading to lawlessness.

(a) Monarchy (b) Oligarchy (c) Anarchy (d) Autocracy
Answer: (c) Anarchy
Explanation: "An-" = without + "archy" = rule.

28. An abnormal fear of foreigners or strangers.

(a) Hydrophobia (b) Xenophobia (c) Acrophobia (d) Agoraphobia
Answer: (b) Xenophobia
Explanation: "Xenos" = stranger/foreigner.

29. One who collects and studies coins.

(a) Philatelist (b) Numismatist (c) Cartographer (d) Archivist
Answer: (b) Numismatist
Explanation: Numismatics is the study of coins.

30. A substance used for killing insects.

(a) Herbicide (b) Germicide (c) Insecticide (d) Pesticide
Answer: (c) Insecticide
Explanation: "-cide" applied specifically to insects.

31. One who believes that fate governs everything.

(a) Optimist (b) Fatalist (c) Stoic (d) Pessimist
Answer: (b) Fatalist
Explanation: A fatalist submits to fate as inevitable.

32. That which cannot be heard.

(a) Illegible (b) Invisible (c) Inaudible (d) Intangible
Answer: (c) Inaudible
Explanation: "Audible" = hearable; "in-" negates it.

33. One who hates marriage.

(a) Misogynist (b) Misanthrope (c) Misogamist (d) Bachelor
Answer: (c) Misogamist
Explanation: "Miso-" = hatred + "gamos" = marriage.

34. A great lover of books.

(a) Bibliographer (b) Bibliophile (c) Librarian (d) Bibliomaniac
Answer: (b) Bibliophile
Explanation: "Biblio-" = book + "-phile" = lover.

35. One who eats human flesh.

(a) Carnivore (b) Omnivore (c) Cannibal (d) Predator
Answer: (c) Cannibal
Explanation: A cannibal feeds on members of its own species.

Difficult (36–50)

36. Government by a mob.

(a) Plutocracy (b) Ochlocracy (c) Meritocracy (d) Theocracy
Answer: (b) Ochlocracy
Explanation: "Ochlos" = mob; also called mobocracy.

37. That which cannot be expressed in words.

(a) Inexplicable (b) Ineffable (c) Illegible (d) Incredible
Answer: (b) Ineffable
Explanation: Ineffable = too great to be put into words.

38. The killing of one's wife.

(a) Filicide (b) Uxoricide (c) Matricide (d) Fratricide
Answer: (b) Uxoricide
Explanation: Latin "uxor" = wife.

39. An exaggerated sense of one's own greatness or power.

(a) Dipsomania (b) Megalomania (c) Kleptomania (d) Pyromania
Answer: (b) Megalomania
Explanation: "Megalo-" = great/large.

40. A word or sentence that reads the same backwards and forwards.

(a) Anagram (b) Acronym (c) Palindrome (d) Homonym
Answer: (c) Palindrome
Explanation: E.g. "level", "madam".

41. One who is recovering from illness.

(a) Patient (b) Convalescent (c) Invalid (d) Hypochondriac
Answer: (b) Convalescent
Explanation: To convalesce is to regain health gradually.

42. Something that happens once in two years.

(a) Biannual (b) Biennial (c) Annual (d) Perennial
Answer: (b) Biennial
Explanation: Biennial = every two years; biannual = twice a year.

43. One who believes that nothing about God can be known.

(a) Atheist (b) Theist (c) Agnostic (d) Apostate
Answer: (c) Agnostic
Explanation: An agnostic holds that the divine is unknowable.

44. That which cannot be conquered or defeated.

(a) Invisible (b) Invincible (c) Incorrigible (d) Inevitable
Answer: (b) Invincible
Explanation: "Vincere" = to conquer; "in-" negates it.

45. One who can use both hands with equal skill.

(a) Ambivalent (b) Ambidextrous (c) Dexterous (d) Versatile
Answer: (b) Ambidextrous
Explanation: "Ambi-" = both + "dexter" = right hand.

46. A remedy that is claimed to cure all diseases.

(a) Antidote (b) Antiseptic (c) Panacea (d) Tonic
Answer: (c) Panacea
Explanation: "Pan-" = all + "akos" = cure.

47. Words or customs that are no longer in use.

(a) Obscure (b) Obsolete (c) Archaic (d) Redundant
Answer: (b) Obsolete
Explanation: Obsolete = out of date and no longer used.

48. One who is hard to please and very particular about details.

(a) Meticulous (b) Fastidious (c) Pedantic (d) Scrupulous
Answer: (b) Fastidious
Explanation: A fastidious person is fussy and hard to satisfy.

49. A government grant of money to support an enterprise.

(a) Subsidy (b) Stipend (c) Bounty (d) Pension
Answer: (a) Subsidy
Explanation: A subsidy is financial aid granted, often by the state.

50. One who is present everywhere at the same time.

(a) Omnipotent (b) Omniscient (c) Omnipresent (d) Omnivorous
Answer: (c) Omnipresent
Explanation: "Omni-" = all + "praesens" = present (everywhere).